Articles | Volume 17, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-17-37-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-17-37-2026
Article
 | 
02 Apr 2026
Article |  | 02 Apr 2026

A 300-year history of understanding and classifying clouds, from a German language perspective

Peter Winkler

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Cited articles

Abercromby, R.: Principles of forecasting by means of weather charts, London, 1885. 
Abercromby, R.: Suggestions for an international nomenclature of clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., XIII, 154–166, 1887a. 
Abercromby, R.: On the identity of cloud forms all over the world, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 13, 140–146, 1887b. 
Anonymus: Wolken im Luftmeer, Lichtbilder aufgenommen von deutschen Fliegern während des Krieges, s. l., 1917. 
Archenhold, G. H.: A solar halo phenomenon, Nature, 3898, 433, 1944. 
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Short summary
Before the Enlightenment, clouds were described phenomenologically. The vacuum pump’s invention enabled the formation of mist droplets by experiment, prompting questions about why clouds float. Around 1800, early proposals for cloud classification emerged. However, it wasn’t until manned balloon ascents provided detailed atmospheric data that the physical basis of cloud formation became clear, even though accurately depicting clouds in atlases remained challenging for some decades.
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