Ukichiro Nakaya (1900–1962) was a Japanese scientist who created the first artificial snowflake in 1936 and figured out how temperature and humidity affect snow crystal shapes — a result smmarized in the "Nakaya diagram." He studied ice in Greenland, wrote popular science essays for everyday readers (earning him the nickname "Japan's Carl Sagan"), and was a pioneer in making educational films. This article, written for his 125th birthday, covers his life, his science and his writing.

George Perkins Merrill, a Smithsonian scientist in the early 1900s, made discoveries about meteorites that still shape our understanding of the solar system's birth. Using microscopes to examine tiny spherical grains called chondrules, the building blocks of stony meteorites, he concluded they formed through multiple processes.. He also showed that meteorites record a history of alteration by heat and pressure over time. His laid groundwork for meteorite research for over a century.

A detailed history of the Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie (MPAe), including its research and deleopment.

This manuscript provides the first-ever cartometric study of portolan chart geometry that firmly corroborates the classical antiquity origin of their spatial data. The conclusions are not solely based on the numerical approach, yet they are also substantially supported by the available historical records. Concurrently, it provides a detailed overview of the history of cartometric studies of portolan charts, especially in terms of explaining the benefits and constraints of their methodology.

In 1944, Ms. Y.S. Ma, the only female geologist in China at the time was killed at the age of 25. This year marks the 82nd anniversary of her tragic death. This article is dedicated to the young scholar who died before achieving her goal, leaving future generations deeply saddened.

As China's first scientific institution, Geological Survey of China created many firsts in Chinese geological education, research, and exploration. Unfortunately, following the murder of the geologist Chao by bandits in Yunnan in 1929, in 1944, three more geologists were killed in Guizhou, bordering Yunnan. Among the three were Ms. Ma, the only female geologist in China at the time, and Mr. Hsu and Chen. They were killed on the same day, at the ages of 25, 36, and 28 respectively.