The formation of ionospheric physics – confluence of traditions and threads of continuity

Anduaga, Aitor

doi:10.5194/hgss-12-57-2021

Articles | Volume 12, issue 1

https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-57-2021

© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-57-2021

© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Articles | Volume 12, issue 1

Review article

|

07 Apr 2021

Review article |

| 07 Apr 2021

The formation of ionospheric physics – confluence of traditions and threads of continuity

Aitor Anduaga

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Total article views: 3,958 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

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Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Apr 2021	109	47	6	162
May 2021	206	71	0	277
Jun 2021	81	22	2	105
Jul 2021	65	10	2	77
Aug 2021	55	15	4	74
Sep 2021	66	25	2	93
Oct 2021	50	30	1	81
Nov 2021	65	34	9	108
Dec 2021	125	8	1	134
Jan 2022	50	17	1	68
Feb 2022	50	10	3	63
Mar 2022	52	14	2	68
Apr 2022	45	12	0	57
May 2022	43	7	0	50
Jun 2022	39	5	2	46
Jul 2022	51	5	0	56
Aug 2022	49	9	3	61
Sep 2022	38	3	0	41
Oct 2022	41	7	4	52
Nov 2022	40	4	0	44
Dec 2022	44	7	0	51
Jan 2023	40	5	0	45
Feb 2023	32	10	0	42
Mar 2023	49	7	1	57
Apr 2023	36	8	0	44
May 2023	36	5	2	43
Jun 2023	37	4	1	42
Jul 2023	44	11	1	56
Aug 2023	38	9	4	51
Sep 2023	40	17	2	59
Oct 2023	45	9	5	59
Nov 2023	18	4	1	23
Dec 2023	23	11	1	35
Jan 2024	8	7	0	15
Feb 2024	60	5	1	66
Mar 2024	41	6	0	47
Apr 2024	30	11	2	43
May 2024	24	15	1	40
Jun 2024	44	17	2	63
Jul 2024	27	3	5	35
Aug 2024	22	7	12	41
Sep 2024	36	2	6	44
Oct 2024	26	8	1	35
Nov 2024	11	11	0	22
Dec 2024	19	8	1	28
Jan 2025	34	13	0	47
Feb 2025	35	7	0	42
Mar 2025	51	5	3	59
Apr 2025	38	14	0	52
May 2025	55	17	3	75
Jun 2025	42	20	0	62
Jul 2025	26	18	2	46
Aug 2025	23	18	2	43
Sep 2025	46	11	5	62
Oct 2025	43	14	3	60
Nov 2025	56	17	2	75
Dec 2025	96	17	1	114
Jan 2026	124	42	6	172
Feb 2026	76	28	3	107
Mar 2026	83	18	4	105
Apr 2026	29	5	0	34

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 07 Apr 2021)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Apr 2021	109	47	6	162
May 2021	206	71	0	277
Jun 2021	81	22	2	105
Jul 2021	65	10	2	77
Aug 2021	55	15	4	74
Sep 2021	66	25	2	93
Oct 2021	50	30	1	81
Nov 2021	65	34	9	108
Dec 2021	125	8	1	134
Jan 2022	50	17	1	68
Feb 2022	50	10	3	63
Mar 2022	52	14	2	68
Apr 2022	45	12	0	57
May 2022	43	7	0	50
Jun 2022	39	5	2	46
Jul 2022	51	5	0	56
Aug 2022	49	9	3	61
Sep 2022	38	3	0	41
Oct 2022	41	7	4	52
Nov 2022	40	4	0	44
Dec 2022	44	7	0	51
Jan 2023	40	5	0	45
Feb 2023	32	10	0	42
Mar 2023	49	7	1	57
Apr 2023	36	8	0	44
May 2023	36	5	2	43
Jun 2023	37	4	1	42
Jul 2023	44	11	1	56
Aug 2023	38	9	4	51
Sep 2023	40	17	2	59
Oct 2023	45	9	5	59
Nov 2023	18	4	1	23
Dec 2023	23	11	1	35
Jan 2024	8	7	0	15
Feb 2024	60	5	1	66
Mar 2024	41	6	0	47
Apr 2024	30	11	2	43
May 2024	24	15	1	40
Jun 2024	44	17	2	63
Jul 2024	27	3	5	35
Aug 2024	22	7	12	41
Sep 2024	36	2	6	44
Oct 2024	26	8	1	35
Nov 2024	11	11	0	22
Dec 2024	19	8	1	28
Jan 2025	34	13	0	47
Feb 2025	35	7	0	42
Mar 2025	51	5	3	59
Apr 2025	38	14	0	52
May 2025	55	17	3	75
Jun 2025	42	20	0	62
Jul 2025	26	18	2	46
Aug 2025	23	18	2	43
Sep 2025	46	11	5	62
Oct 2025	43	14	3	60
Nov 2025	56	17	2	75
Dec 2025	96	17	1	114
Jan 2026	124	42	6	172
Feb 2026	76	28	3	107
Mar 2026	83	18	4	105
Apr 2026	29	5	0	34

Latest update: 23 Apr 2026

Short summary

This paper examines how ionospheric physics emerged as a research speciality in Britain, Germany, and the United States in the first 4 decades of the 20th century. It argues that the formation of this discipline can be viewed as the confluence of four deep-rooted traditions in which scientists and engineers transformed, from within, research areas connected to radio wave propagation and geomagnetism.