the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 30 Aug 2023
Comparing the evolution of ESA versus NASA technology transfer approach: market and public demand drivers
Giorgio Petroni
Benedetta Pini
Serena Filippelli
Alberto Petroni
Abstract. The growth of space activities has experienced rapid expansion in the last twenty years, largely driven by the transfer of technology. This process has had not only economic and social effects but also important political and military implications.
The primary entities responsible for sharing scientific and technological knowledge have been the prominent space agencies. This article seeks to compare the approaches developed by NASA and ESA throughout the years. The comparison reveals significant differences between the two agencies in terms of their goals and the methods they employ to achieve them. These disparities can even be traced back to the legislation that established each respective agency.
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Giorgio Petroni et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on hgss-2023-8', Anonymous Referee #1, 09 Sep 2023
the paper presents a thorough and comprehensive summary of the approaches to technology transfer of the two space agencies ESA and NASA.
Some suggestions:
in the introduction specify what is meant by downstream space activities,
in 2.1 add bibliographic references and better specify the dynamics of technology transfer
in 2.2 define "technology push" and "deman pull" technology transfer.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-8-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Alberto Petroni, 11 Oct 2023
1. In the technical-scientific and economic literature, "upstream" space activities typically concern Outer Space launch and exploration systems while down-stream activities typically concern Earth Observations and the services that are generated by them such as, for example, satellite services (Navigation, telecommunications, etc.).
2. Technology transfer does not consist only of the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge but consists mainly of the transmission of know-how i.e., the practical application of such knowledge to production processes. Consequently, the acquisition of new technologies usually requires periods of training and practical learning alongside the individuals who transfer the aforementioned technologies to other operators. Particularly qualified for technology transfer are , in the industrial world, engineering firms whose business consists of socializing technological know-how to various types of client enterprises.
3. The "technology push" paradigm is realized when a technological innovation generates a new demand for goods and services.The "market pull" paradigm finds realization when a technological innovation acts as a multiplier of an existing demand for goods and services. The emergence of demand for televisions arose when the technology for transmitting images at a distance was developed (technology push) while the increase in demand for a new drug deemed more effective than previous ones qualifies as "market pull."Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-8-AC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC1', Alberto Petroni, 05 Dec 2023
1. In the realm of space endeavors, "upstream" denotes the array of activities intricately connected with the evolution and creation of space missions and satellites. Conversely, "downstream" pertains more to the activities associated with the utilization and operation of space systems, as well as the processing and analysis of the data they generate”.
2. Technology transfer does not consist only of the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge but consists mainly of the transmission of know-how i.e., the practical application of such knowledge to production processes. Consequently, the acquisition of new technologies usually requires periods of training and practical learning alongside the individuals who transfer the aforementioned technologies to other operators. Particularly qualified for technology transfer are , in the industrial world, engineering firms whose business consists of socializing technological know-how to various types of client enterprises.
3. The "technology push" paradigm is realized when a technological innovation generates a new demand for goods and services.The "market pull" paradigm finds realization when a technological innovation acts as a multiplier of an existing demand for goods and services. The emergence of demand for televisions arose when the technology for transmitting images at a distance was developed (technology push) while the increase in demand for a new drug deemed more effective than previous ones qualifies as "market pull."
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-8-AC3
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Alberto Petroni, 11 Oct 2023
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CC1: 'Comment on hgss-2023-8', Chiara Verbano, 30 Oct 2023
This is a relevant topic and an interesting comparison among ESA and NASA technology transfer strategies. I would suggest to consider also the IRIDE programmes, one of the most important European Earth Observation satellite space programmes, among ESA’s approches (pgf 4).
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-8-CC1 -
AC2: 'Reply on CC1', Alberto Petroni, 05 Dec 2023
Thanks for the suggestion. We would refer to it as: "IRIDE is an end-to-end system consisting of a set of sub-constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites (Upstream Segment), ground operational infrastructure (Downstream Segment), and services intended for the Italian Public Administration (Service Segment). Leveraging a range of diverse sensing instruments and technologies, the IRIDE constellation will encompass microwave imaging (via Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR), optical imaging at various spatial resolutions (from high to medium resolution) and across different frequency ranges, including panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, and infrared bands. Therefore, IRIDE can be conceptualized as a "constellation of constellations."
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2023-8-AC2
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AC2: 'Reply on CC1', Alberto Petroni, 05 Dec 2023
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RC2: 'General review of the manuscript', Pierre Potin, 10 Nov 2023
Please find the review of the manuscript in the attached file
- AC4: 'Please find our reply attached.', Alberto Petroni, 05 Dec 2023
Giorgio Petroni et al.
Giorgio Petroni et al.
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