Articles | Volume 5, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-149-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-149-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Willy Stoffregen – An early pioneer of advanced ionospheric and auroral research
K. Schlegel
Copernicus Gesellschaft, e.V., Göttingen, Germany
Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany
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The explanation of thunder and lightning in encyclopedias from ancient times to Wikipedia is described and discussed.
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Environmental measurements were undertaken by Reinhold Reiter (1920–1998) around Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the Bavarian Alps for 4 decades. This included measurement sites on the Zugspitze and Wank mountains as well as the use of an instrumented cable car between the Eibsee and the Zugspitze summit. The Mount Wank site operated between 1 August 1972 and 31 December 1983, and the hourly data values – including atmospheric electricity quantities – for this site have been recovered.
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Between 1880 and 1910 Elster and Geitel made important contributions to atmospheric electricity, in particular to precipitation electricity, the influence of solar radiation on the electric state of the atmosphere, the nature of charge carriers, and the ionization of air by radioactivity. They invented new instruments with unprecedented accuracy and reliability. A very modern concept was their attitude to undertake long-term measurements at various locations.
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Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-28, 2024
Preprint under review for ANGEO
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The study makes use of magnetic field data from the closely spaced Swarm A and C spacecraft during the counter rotating orbit phase. It allows to investigate the spatial and temporal correlation lengths of small- and meso-scale FAC structures at auroral latitudes. Stability features of small-scale FACs (10–70 km wavelength) are: temporal <18 s, correlation length <12 km. For meso-scale FACs (100–300 km wavelength) we obtain a stationarity of >40 s and correlation length >42 km.
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Kristian Schlegel
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 15, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-15-71-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-15-71-2024, 2024
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The explanation of thunder and lightning in encyclopedias from ancient times to Wikipedia is described and discussed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Giles Harrison and Kristian Schlegel
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Environmental measurements were undertaken by Reinhold Reiter (1920–1998) around Garmisch-Partenkirchen in the Bavarian Alps for 4 decades. This included measurement sites on the Zugspitze and Wank mountains as well as the use of an instrumented cable car between the Eibsee and the Zugspitze summit. The Mount Wank site operated between 1 August 1972 and 31 December 1983, and the hourly data values – including atmospheric electricity quantities – for this site have been recovered.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Ann. Geophys., 38, 749–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-749-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-749-2020, 2020
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During magnetic storms the magnetic disturbance at low latitudes becomes asymmetric, enhanced in the evening sector and reduced around morning. This has been attributed to the asymmetric ring current. Here a new 3D current system is proposed for explaining the asymmetric signal. Anti-sunward net currents at high latitude are connected at their noon and night ends to field-aligned currents that lead the currents to the magnetopause on the dawn and dusk flanks where the current closure occurs.
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Tarique A. Siddiqui, Astrid Maute, Nick Pedatella, Yosuke Yamazaki, Hermann Lühr, and Claudia Stolle
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Extreme meteorological events such as SSWs induce variabilities in the ionosphere by modulating the atmospheric tides, and these variabilities can be comparable to a moderate geomagnetic storm. The equatorial electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow ribbon of current flowing over the dip equator in the ionosphere and is particularly sensitive to tidal changes. In this study, we use ground-magnetic measurements to investigate the semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal variabilities of the EEJ during SSWs.
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Chao Xiong, Hermann Lühr, Michael Schmidt, Mathis Bloßfeld, and Sergei Rudenko
Ann. Geophys., 36, 1141–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1141-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1141-2018, 2018
Bodo W. Reinisch and Kristian Schlegel
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Balázs Heilig and Hermann Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 36, 595–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-595-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-595-2018, 2018
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This paper presents a statistical study of the equatorward boundary of small-scale field-aligned currents (SSFACs) as observed by ESA's Swarm satellites and investigates the relation between this boundary and NASA’s Van Allen probe observed plasmapause (PP). It is found that the two boundaries are closely coincident in the midnight LT sector, where the new PP is formed. Our results point to the role of SSFACs in the creation of the PP and offer a unique tool to monitor PP dynamics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tao Huang, Hermann Lühr, and Hui Wang
Ann. Geophys., 35, 1249–1268, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1249-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-1249-2017, 2017
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This is the first study considering ionospheric currents (both field-aligned current and Hall current) derived from high-resolution magnetic field data of the Swarm constellation in both hemispheres. The prominent auroral electrojets are found to be closely controlled by the solar wind input, but we find no dependence of their intensity on the IMF By orientation. An important finding is that all the IMF By dependences of FACs and Hall currents practically disappear in the dark winter hemisphere.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Rudolf G. A. Fricke and Kristian Schlegel
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-1-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-1-2017, 2017
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Between 1880 and 1910 Elster and Geitel made important contributions to atmospheric electricity, in particular to precipitation electricity, the influence of solar radiation on the electric state of the atmosphere, the nature of charge carriers, and the ionization of air by radioactivity. They invented new instruments with unprecedented accuracy and reliability. A very modern concept was their attitude to undertake long-term measurements at various locations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Hermann Lühr, Tao Huang, Simon Wing, Guram Kervalishvili, Jan Rauberg, and Haje Korth
Ann. Geophys., 34, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-901-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-901-2016, 2016
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ESA's constellation mission Swarm makes it possible for the first time to determine field-aligned currents (FACs) reliably in the ionosphere. FACs are able to transport energy from the solar wind to the Earth and heat the upper atmosphere. Here we investigate FAC structures that have been missed by previous satellite missions. Most of them are found poleward of the northern light zone. The energy sources seem to be located on the nightside of Earth about 100 000 km away.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yun-Liang Zhou, Li Wang, Chao Xiong, Hermann Lühr, and Shu-Ying Ma
Ann. Geophys., 34, 463–472, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-463-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-34-463-2016, 2016
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The solar activity dependence of nonmigrating tides in electron density at low and middle latitudes observed by CHAMP and GRACE are investigated. The absolute amplitudes of DE3 at low latitudes as well as DE1, D0 and DW2 at middle latitudes are highly related to the solar activity, while their relative amplitudes show little dependence on the solar activity. A clear modulation by the QBO is found in the relative amplitudes of DE3 at low latitudes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
J. Park, H. Lühr, C. Stolle, G. Malhotra, J. B. H. Baker, S. Buchert, and R. Gill
Ann. Geophys., 33, 829–835, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-829-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-829-2015, 2015
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Though high-latitude plasma convection has been monitored with a number of methods, more independent measurements are still warranted. In this study we introduce an automatic method to estimate along-track plasma drift velocity in the high-latitude ionosphere using the Swarm constellation. The obtained velocity is in qualitative agreement with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data. The method can be generalized to any satellite constellations in pearls-on-a-string configurations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
T. A. Siddiqui, H. Lühr, C. Stolle, and J. Park
Ann. Geophys., 33, 235–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-235-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-235-2015, 2015
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This paper presents the long-term observations of lunar tidal signatures in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and their relation to stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events. We propose an approach to estimate the occurrence of SSW events before their direct observations (before 1952) from the magnetic field observations at Huancayo.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
C. Xiong, Y.-L. Zhou, H. Lühr, and S.-Y. Ma
Ann. Geophys., 33, 185–196, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-185-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-185-2015, 2015
J. Park, H. Lühr, and M. Noja
Ann. Geophys., 33, 129–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-129-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-129-2015, 2015
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Total electron content (TEC) between low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites can be used to constrain three-dimensional morphology of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). TEC gradient observed along the LEO track is strongest when the corresponding GNSS satellite is located equatorward and westward of the LEO satellite. This anisotropy supports the idea that EPBs have three-dimensional shell structures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
K. Schlegel
Adv. Radio Sci., 12, 225–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-12-225-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/ars-12-225-2014, 2014
C. Xiong, H. Lühr, H. Wang, and M. G. Johnsen
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C. Xiong and H. Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 32, 623–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-623-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-623-2014, 2014
H. Wang, H. Lühr, A. Ridley, and T. Huang
Ann. Geophys., 32, 533–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-533-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-533-2014, 2014
G. N. Kervalishvili and H. Lühr
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H. Wang and H. Lühr
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J. Park, H. Lühr, and J. Rauberg
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1507–1520, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1507-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1507-2013, 2013
H. Lühr and C. Manoj
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1315–1331, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1315-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1315-2013, 2013
C. Xiong and H. Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1115–1130, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1115-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1115-2013, 2013
J. Park and H. Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 31, 1035–1044, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1035-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1035-2013, 2013
G. N. Kervalishvili and H. Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 31, 541–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-541-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-541-2013, 2013
B. Heilig and H. Lühr
Ann. Geophys., 31, 529–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-529-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-529-2013, 2013
H. Lühr, F. Yin, and R. Bock
J. Sens. Sens. Syst., 2, 9–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-9-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-2-9-2013, 2013
Y. L. Zhou, S. Y. Ma, R. S. Liu, H. Luehr, and E. Doornbos
Ann. Geophys., 31, 15–30, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-15-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-15-2013, 2013