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From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviews the development of the Institute of Geophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS). The scientific development of IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which include atmospheric science, seismology, and space physics, are summarized. The experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China are explored.
From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper...
HGSS | Articles | Volume 12, issue 1
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 12, 21–41, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-21-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue: History of geophysical institutes and observatories
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 12, 21–41, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-21-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article 03 Feb 2021
Review article | 03 Feb 2021
The development of geophysics in the early period of the People's Republic of China based on the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1950–1966)
Zhihui Zhang and Rui Wang
Related subject area
History of Geophysical Institutes and Institution
Carl Friedrich Gauss and the Gauss Society: a brief overview
How the Liverpool Tidal Institute was established: industry, navy and academia
Karl Friedrich Almstedt – scientist, teacher, and co-founder of the German Geophysical Society
Measurements of atmospheric electricity in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory, Hungary
IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939)
IUGG in the 21st century
IACS: past, present, and future of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences
IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier
IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology
IAVCEI: from small beginnings to a vibrant international association
Hermanus Magnetic Observatory: a historical perspective of geomagnetism in southern Africa
Geoscience international: the role of scientific unions
Geographical tourism research and education at the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism in Poland (1936–1939)
History of EISCAT – Part 4: On the German contribution to the early years of EISCAT
History of the Juliusruh ionospheric observatory on Rügen
Colaba–Alibag magnetic observatory and Nanabhoy Moos: the influence of one over the other
Notes on the history of geophysics in the Ottoman Empire
On the early history of the Finnish Meteorological Institute
From San Francisco to Tōhoku – 111 yr of continuous earthquake recording in Göttingen
Contribution of the "Institut Scientifique Chérifien" to the development of geoscientific research in Northwest Africa since its creation in 1914
A short history of geophysical radar at Arecibo Observatory
History of the development of IS radars and founding of the Institute of Ionosphere in Ukraine
History of EISCAT – Part 1: On the early history of EISCAT with special reference to the Swedish part of it
History of EISCAT – Part 2: The early history of EISCAT in Finland
Axel D. Wittmann
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 199–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-199-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-199-2020, 2020
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Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) was one of the most eminent scientists of all time. He was born in Brunswick, and from 1807 until his death, he was director of the Göttingen Astronomical Observatory, where he made world-famous and lasting contributions. In his honour, and to preserve his memory, the Gauss Society was founded in Göttingen in 1962. The present paper aims to give nonspecialists a brief introduction into the life and works of Gauss and a brief history of the Gauss Society.
Anna Carlsson-Hyslop
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 139–156, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-139-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-139-2020, 2020
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This paper outlines the establishment of the Liverpool Tidal Institute in 1919. There is a particular focus on early patrons and supporters, in the context of both previous tidal research on the accuracy of predictions and debates about the involvement of state actors in science at the end of the First World War. It shows that industrial support was crucial to the early tidal institute, which adds to debates about patronage in the history of modern physical oceanography in Britain and beyond.
Karl-Heinz Glassmeier
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-71-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-71-2020, 2020
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The German Geophysical Society was founded in 1922 as the Deutsche Seismologische Vereinigung. One of the 24 founders of this society was Karl Friedrich Almstedt. Born in 1891 and deceased in 1964, Almstedt represents a generation of academics and scientists who grew up during the decline of the European empires, experiencing the devastations of the two World Wars and the cruelties of the Nazi era as well as the resurrection of academic and cultural life in post-war Germany.
József Bór, Gabriella Sátori, Veronika Barta, Karolina Szabóné-André, Judit Szendrői, Viktor Wesztergom, Tamás Bozóki, Attila Buzás, and Dávid Koronczay
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 11, 53–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-53-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-53-2020, 2020
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The Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory, also known as the Nagycenk Geophysical Observatory (NCK), is the only measurement site in Hungary where atmospheric electricity (AE) measurements have been made continuously since 1961. Quasi-continuous records of electrical potential gradient (PG) and Schumann resonances (SRs) from NCK are among the longest time series of their kind in Europe. This paper commemorates the efforts of people who established and managed AE measurements at NCK.
Alik Ismail-Zadeh and Jo Ann Joselyn
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 25–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-25-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-25-2019, 2019
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The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology, volcanology, and hydrology. This paper first introduces IUGG, presenting its current structure, partners, and various activities before the origin and earlier development of the Union is described covering the period between the two World Wars.
Jo Ann Joselyn, Alik Ismail-Zadeh, Tom Beer, Harsh Gupta, Masaru Kono, Uri Shamir, Michael Sideris, and Kathryn Whaler
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 73–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-73-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-73-2019, 2019
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Written for the centennial anniversary of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), this paper documents the activities of the Union at the beginning of the 21st century. IUGG added an eighth association on cryospheric sciences, introduced new categories of affiliate and honorary memberships, new grants, science education, and recognition programs, and formed new commissions on climatic and environmental change, data and information, planetary sciences, and history.
Ian Allison, Charles Fierz, Regine Hock, Andrew Mackintosh, Georg Kaser, and Samuel U. Nussbaumer
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 97–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-97-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-97-2019, 2019
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The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the eighth and most recent association of IUGG in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the importance of the cryosphere, particularly at a time of significant global change. The forbears of IACS, however, start with the 1894 Commission Internationale des Glaciers (CIG). This paper traces the transition from CIG to IACS; scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and key events and individuals involved.
Denise Smythe-Wright, W. John Gould, Trevor J. McDougall, Stefania Sparnocchia, and Philip L. Woodworth
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 137–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-137-2019, 2019
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From the early work of Prince Albert I of Monaco, the first president of the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans, to today, the Association has promoted and supported international research and cross-cutting activities in ocean sciences, building on the work of the many far-sighted scientists who, over the last century, have addressed seemingly intractable problems. This paper describes key events in IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.
Johannes Schweitzer and Thorne Lay
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 173–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-173-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-173-2019, 2019
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An overview of the history of international organizations for seismological cooperation leading to the current International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI) is presented. Achievements and contributions of IASPEI over the past century are noted. The current organizational structure and future of IASPEI is discussed.
Raymond A. F. Cas
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 10, 181–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-181-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-181-2019, 2019
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This paper summarises how IAVCEI was formed 100 years ago; the context in which it formed; its governance structure and how this has changed; the nature of its conferences; the initiation and development of its flagship journal, the Bulletin of Volcanology; and its evolution into an inclusive, representative learned association which welcomes scientists from all countries to participate in its research and training conferences and workshops and in its governance.
Pieter B. Kotzé
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 9, 125–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-125-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-9-125-2018, 2018
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In this paper a brief summary will be given of the historical development of geomagnetism as a science in southern Africa and particularly the role played by Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in this regard. From a very modest beginning in 1841 as a recording station at the Cape of Good Hope Hermanus Magnetic Observatory is today part of the South African National Space Agency (SANSA), where its geomagnetic field data are extensively used in international research projects with a wide range.
Alik Ismail-Zadeh
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 7, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-103-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-103-2016, 2016
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This paper analyses the development of international geoscientific unions, and discusses their past and present role in and their added value to the promotion of geoscience in the complicated arena of existing and emerging intergovernmental organisations and professional societies of geoscientists.
Antoni Jackowski, Izabela Sołjan, Elżbieta Bilska-Wodecka, and Justyna Liro
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 7, 91–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-91-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-91-2016, 2016
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In this article we present the history of the Jagiellonian University School of Tourism and highlights its role in the development of tourism research and education in Europe. The school played an important role in the development of tourism geography and education in Europe, especially in Poland. This paper fills a gap in our knowledge on the history of science and education, especially tourism research in central Europe at this time.
Gerhard Haerendel
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 7, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-67-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-67-2016, 2016
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The article concentrates on the German role in the establishment of the European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT). It outlines the scientific motivation of the Max Planck Society for participating on behalf of two of its institutes. Special attention is given to the augmentation of the scientific scope of the radar by the installation of an ionospheric heater facility. The first years of EISCAT operation are summarized from the personal viewpoint of the author.
J. Weiß
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 7, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-1-2016, 2016
P. B. Gawali, M. G. Doiphode, and R. N. Nimje
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 6, 107–131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-6-107-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-6-107-2015, 2015
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Colonial era Colaba-Alibag MO, operational since 1841, contains valuable information on geomagnetic phenomena of different periodicities. First Indian director Nanabhoy Moos compiled Colaba data and interpreted them radically differently, echoing current understanding. Moos rejected terrestrial origins for magnetic storms and tried to bind together meteorological, seismological and geomagnetic realms. Colaba instruments have historical and scientific significance. Move to Alibag was incidental.
F. Ozcep and T. Ozcep
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 5, 163–174, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-163-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-163-2014, 2014
H. Nevanlinna
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 5, 75–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-75-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-75-2014, 2014
H. Steffen, W. Brunk, M. Leven, and U. Wedeken
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 5, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-1-2014, 2014
F. Medina
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 4, 73–82, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-4-73-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-4-73-2013, 2013
J. D. Mathews
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 4, 19–33, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-4-19-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-4-19-2013, 2013
L. Ya. Emelyanov and T. G. Zhivolup
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 4, 7–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-4-7-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-4-7-2013, 2013
B. Hultqvist
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 2, 115–121, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2-115-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2-115-2011, 2011
J. Oksman
Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 2, 123–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2-123-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2-123-2011, 2011
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Notice on corrigendum
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
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Article
(1049 KB)
Short summary
From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper reviews the development of the Institute of Geophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGCAS). The scientific development of IGCAS and typical examples in several branches of geophysics, which include atmospheric science, seismology, and space physics, are summarized. The experience and lessons in the development of this institute and its effect on geophysics in China are explored.
From the perspective of the social history of science and transnational history, this paper...
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