In the late 19th century, a regional geologic map of northwest South America was published by German botanist and geologist Hermann Karsten (1817–1908). Karsten’s work was incorporated by Agustín Codazzi (1793–1859) in his popular "Atlas geográfico e histórico de la Republica de Colombia" (1889). Geologic mapping and most interpretations provided in this 1889 atlas, however, were from Karsten's "Géologie de l'ancienne Colombie bolivarienne: Vénézuela, Nouvelle-Grenade et Ecuador" (1886).