Erich Regener and the ionisation maximum of the atmosphere

Carlson, P.; Watson, A. A.

doi:10.5194/hgss-5-175-2014

Articles | Volume 5, issue 2

https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-175-2014

© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-175-2014

© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 5, issue 2

Note

|

18 Dec 2014

Note |

| 18 Dec 2014

Erich Regener and the ionisation maximum of the atmosphere

P. Carlson and A. A. Watson

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Total article views: 27,045 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
22,848	3,375	822	27,045	562	665

HTML: 22,848
PDF: 3,375
XML: 822
Total: 27,045
BibTeX: 562
EndNote: 665

Views and downloads (calculated since 18 Dec 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2014	19	10	4	33
Jan 2015	16	23	1	40
Feb 2015	3	9	1	13
Mar 2015	12	11	1	24
Apr 2015	13	21	7	41
May 2015	9	8	4	21
Jun 2015	20	11	2	33
Jul 2015	18	86	1	105
Aug 2015	13	49	4	66
Sep 2015	9	14	1	24
Oct 2015	13	16	1	30
Nov 2015	8	18	1	27
Dec 2015	5	8	2	15
Jan 2016	20	22	2	44
Feb 2016	10	21	2	33
Mar 2016	8	9	1	18
Apr 2016	5	10	1	16
May 2016	2	5	1	8
Jun 2016	11	9	1	21
Jul 2016	8	4	2	14
Aug 2016	60	8	0	68
Sep 2016	298	29	7	334
Oct 2016	272	32	9	313
Nov 2016	261	12	7	280
Dec 2016	212	13	27	252
Jan 2017	400	34	50	484
Feb 2017	329	81	41	451
Mar 2017	552	54	56	662
Apr 2017	436	59	51	546
May 2017	371	22	38	431
Jun 2017	453	17	34	504
Jul 2017	343	26	13	382
Aug 2017	241	14	7	262
Sep 2017	311	30	9	350
Oct 2017	192	26	5	223
Nov 2017	210	25	3	238
Dec 2017	482	25	2	509
Jan 2018	174	21	11	206
Feb 2018	198	15	31	244
Mar 2018	253	35	10	298
Apr 2018	192	24	6	222
May 2018	207	25	5	237
Jun 2018	222	31	6	259
Jul 2018	243	25	3	271
Aug 2018	259	35	6	300
Sep 2018	182	31	6	219
Oct 2018	153	40	5	198
Nov 2018	169	24	6	199
Dec 2018	135	26	1	162
Jan 2019	148	25	4	177
Feb 2019	156	35	4	195
Mar 2019	204	24	4	232
Apr 2019	245	20	8	273
May 2019	196	14	2	212
Jun 2019	148	24	4	176
Jul 2019	161	23	1	185
Aug 2019	152	24	0	176
Sep 2019	165	25	3	193
Oct 2019	146	19	2	167
Nov 2019	149	14	0	163
Dec 2019	205	21	2	228
Jan 2020	163	31	7	201
Feb 2020	167	19	2	188
Mar 2020	156	21	3	180
Apr 2020	139	12	1	152
May 2020	161	20	1	182
Jun 2020	97	12	1	110
Jul 2020	157	41	33	231
Aug 2020	144	22	3	169
Sep 2020	111	23	1	135
Oct 2020	131	11	7	149
Nov 2020	106	25	2	133
Dec 2020	133	23	3	159
Jan 2021	160	26	1	187
Feb 2021	149	33	3	185
Mar 2021	134	15	2	151
Apr 2021	146	23	1	170
May 2021	211	32	0	243
Jun 2021	157	20	0	177
Jul 2021	197	29	2	228
Aug 2021	146	23	1	170
Sep 2021	157	26	4	187
Oct 2021	171	34	9	214
Nov 2021	153	53	13	219
Dec 2021	139	18	9	166
Jan 2022	142	25	4	171
Feb 2022	138	27	4	169
Mar 2022	135	34	5	174
Apr 2022	177	17	1	195
May 2022	136	23	3	162
Jun 2022	124	4	1	129
Jul 2022	159	19	4	182
Aug 2022	219	20	4	243
Sep 2022	195	20	2	217
Oct 2022	139	9	2	150
Nov 2022	166	23	1	190
Dec 2022	173	20	3	196
Jan 2023	202	23	4	229
Feb 2023	215	17	5	237
Mar 2023	203	35	4	242
Apr 2023	178	23	7	208
May 2023	134	24	3	161
Jun 2023	134	16	4	154
Jul 2023	181	21	2	204
Aug 2023	146	24	7	177
Sep 2023	126	16	2	144
Oct 2023	126	29	8	163
Nov 2023	94	16	4	114
Dec 2023	227	43	6	276
Jan 2024	168	45	0	213
Feb 2024	201	45	5	251
Mar 2024	185	41	1	227
Apr 2024	143	19	8	170
May 2024	252	28	7	287
Jun 2024	206	23	2	231
Jul 2024	216	47	3	266
Aug 2024	278	31	4	313
Sep 2024	199	20	2	221
Oct 2024	268	29	2	299
Nov 2024	192	17	1	210
Dec 2024	196	45	4	245
Jan 2025	263	18	4	285
Feb 2025	203	29	5	237
Mar 2025	231	29	13	273
Apr 2025	233	26	6	265
May 2025	350	60	9	419
Jun 2025	315	42	5	362
Jul 2025	305	36	6	347
Aug 2025	290	39	1	330
Sep 2025	229	50	3	282
Oct 2025	292	57	3	352
Nov 2025	72	8	0	80

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 18 Dec 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Dec 2014	19	10	4	33
Jan 2015	16	23	1	40
Feb 2015	3	9	1	13
Mar 2015	12	11	1	24
Apr 2015	13	21	7	41
May 2015	9	8	4	21
Jun 2015	20	11	2	33
Jul 2015	18	86	1	105
Aug 2015	13	49	4	66
Sep 2015	9	14	1	24
Oct 2015	13	16	1	30
Nov 2015	8	18	1	27
Dec 2015	5	8	2	15
Jan 2016	20	22	2	44
Feb 2016	10	21	2	33
Mar 2016	8	9	1	18
Apr 2016	5	10	1	16
May 2016	2	5	1	8
Jun 2016	11	9	1	21
Jul 2016	8	4	2	14
Aug 2016	60	8	0	68
Sep 2016	298	29	7	334
Oct 2016	272	32	9	313
Nov 2016	261	12	7	280
Dec 2016	212	13	27	252
Jan 2017	400	34	50	484
Feb 2017	329	81	41	451
Mar 2017	552	54	56	662
Apr 2017	436	59	51	546
May 2017	371	22	38	431
Jun 2017	453	17	34	504
Jul 2017	343	26	13	382
Aug 2017	241	14	7	262
Sep 2017	311	30	9	350
Oct 2017	192	26	5	223
Nov 2017	210	25	3	238
Dec 2017	482	25	2	509
Jan 2018	174	21	11	206
Feb 2018	198	15	31	244
Mar 2018	253	35	10	298
Apr 2018	192	24	6	222
May 2018	207	25	5	237
Jun 2018	222	31	6	259
Jul 2018	243	25	3	271
Aug 2018	259	35	6	300
Sep 2018	182	31	6	219
Oct 2018	153	40	5	198
Nov 2018	169	24	6	199
Dec 2018	135	26	1	162
Jan 2019	148	25	4	177
Feb 2019	156	35	4	195
Mar 2019	204	24	4	232
Apr 2019	245	20	8	273
May 2019	196	14	2	212
Jun 2019	148	24	4	176
Jul 2019	161	23	1	185
Aug 2019	152	24	0	176
Sep 2019	165	25	3	193
Oct 2019	146	19	2	167
Nov 2019	149	14	0	163
Dec 2019	205	21	2	228
Jan 2020	163	31	7	201
Feb 2020	167	19	2	188
Mar 2020	156	21	3	180
Apr 2020	139	12	1	152
May 2020	161	20	1	182
Jun 2020	97	12	1	110
Jul 2020	157	41	33	231
Aug 2020	144	22	3	169
Sep 2020	111	23	1	135
Oct 2020	131	11	7	149
Nov 2020	106	25	2	133
Dec 2020	133	23	3	159
Jan 2021	160	26	1	187
Feb 2021	149	33	3	185
Mar 2021	134	15	2	151
Apr 2021	146	23	1	170
May 2021	211	32	0	243
Jun 2021	157	20	0	177
Jul 2021	197	29	2	228
Aug 2021	146	23	1	170
Sep 2021	157	26	4	187
Oct 2021	171	34	9	214
Nov 2021	153	53	13	219
Dec 2021	139	18	9	166
Jan 2022	142	25	4	171
Feb 2022	138	27	4	169
Mar 2022	135	34	5	174
Apr 2022	177	17	1	195
May 2022	136	23	3	162
Jun 2022	124	4	1	129
Jul 2022	159	19	4	182
Aug 2022	219	20	4	243
Sep 2022	195	20	2	217
Oct 2022	139	9	2	150
Nov 2022	166	23	1	190
Dec 2022	173	20	3	196
Jan 2023	202	23	4	229
Feb 2023	215	17	5	237
Mar 2023	203	35	4	242
Apr 2023	178	23	7	208
May 2023	134	24	3	161
Jun 2023	134	16	4	154
Jul 2023	181	21	2	204
Aug 2023	146	24	7	177
Sep 2023	126	16	2	144
Oct 2023	126	29	8	163
Nov 2023	94	16	4	114
Dec 2023	227	43	6	276
Jan 2024	168	45	0	213
Feb 2024	201	45	5	251
Mar 2024	185	41	1	227
Apr 2024	143	19	8	170
May 2024	252	28	7	287
Jun 2024	206	23	2	231
Jul 2024	216	47	3	266
Aug 2024	278	31	4	313
Sep 2024	199	20	2	221
Oct 2024	268	29	2	299
Nov 2024	192	17	1	210
Dec 2024	196	45	4	245
Jan 2025	263	18	4	285
Feb 2025	203	29	5	237
Mar 2025	231	29	13	273
Apr 2025	233	26	6	265
May 2025	350	60	9	419
Jun 2025	315	42	5	362
Jul 2025	305	36	6	347
Aug 2025	290	39	1	330
Sep 2025	229	50	3	282
Oct 2025	292	57	3	352
Nov 2025	72	8	0	80

Latest update: 08 Nov 2025

Short summary

In 1912 Hess found that the rate of production of ions in the atmosphere grows with altitude. In 1933 Regener observed a maximum rate of production above 20 km, a result later confirmed with his student, Pfotzer (Nature 1935). Final results were published in German by Pfotzer alone, probably because Regener had difficulties with the National Socialist government, and the maximum has become known as the Pfotzer maximum. An argument is made for renaming the maximum the Regener--Pfotzer maximum.