The paper provides a more precise and efficient method for calculation of the expected annual damage (EAD). Damage occurs when the current capacity is exceeded. An estimate of EAD is needed for the design of climate change adaptation measures based on economic optimisation, where future damages and maintenance costs are balanced against capital costs. The method is shown to be superior to estimation based on numerical integration, particularly in the case of sparse data availability.

August Colding contributed the first law of thermodynamics, evaporation from water and grass, steady free surfaces in conduits, the cross-sectional velocity distribution in conduits, a complete theory for the Gulf Stream, air speed in cyclones, the piezometric surface in confined aquifers, the unconfined elliptic water table in soil between drain pipes, and the wind-induced set-up in the sea during storms.

In northern China, rivers run dry and groundwater tables drop, causing economic losses for all water use sectors. We present a groundwater-surface water allocation decision support tool for cost-effective long-term recovery of an overpumped aquifer. The tool is demonstrated for a part of the North China Plain and can support the implementation of the recent China No. 1 Document in a rational and economically efficient way.