Three historic tide gauge records from Svalbard were converted from 19^th century tabulations into computer files. They are good quality and can be used in modern tidal analysis. We confirmed previous findings on tidal constants and showed how little non-tidal variability in sea level there was at these times. One gauge used had an unusual design but it worked well and so deserves to be known. Biographical information is given on the people who acquired these data.

The Lizard District of southern Cornwall is composed of a slab of ancient ocean crust containing rock types otherwise unknown in England. As such, the region has been of great interest to geologists for over two-hundred years. A review of scientific advances through the 19th century highlights the transition from generally field-based to detailed petrographic analyses.

Point discharge is an electrical process which occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere. Like lightning, it has been observed both directly and indirectly for centuries. Several of the milestone investigations in atmospheric electricity have arisen through measuring point discharge. This work gives a history of various investigations involving the phenomenon and explains its central role in developments in atmospheric electricity.

This study reveals that a vast ancient lake once covered parts of central Iran, influencing regional culture and settlement. By analyzing old texts, maps, and environmental data, the research reconstructs the lake's size, timeline, and role in history. The findings suggest the lake lasted thousands of years before drying up due to climate shifts, offering new insights into how landscapes shaped early civilizations.